Mummunan ciwo mai tsanani na numfashi wanda aka fi sani da cutar COVID-19 - saboda ƙwayar cuta ta SARS-CoV-2 - an gane yana yaduwa ta hanyar ɗigon numfashi da kuma kusanci.[1]Nauyin COVID-19 ya kasance mai tsananin gaske a Lombardy da Po Valley (Arewacin Italiya), [2] yanki ne da ke da tarin abubuwan da ke da yawa, waɗanda aka riga aka san suna haifar da mummunan tasiri akan lafiyar ɗan adam.[3]Alkalumman yanki da ake samu don Italiya a ranar 12 ga Afrilu sun nuna cewa kusan kashi 30% na mutane masu inganci a halin yanzu suna zaune a Lombardy (kimanin kashi 40% idan aka yi la'akari da lamuran gabaɗaya da aka tabbatar tun farkon barkewar cutar), sai Emilia Romagna (13.5%). , Piedmont (10.5%), da Veneto (10%).[2]Waɗannan yankuna huɗu na kwarin Polo suna da kashi 80% na jimlar mutuwar da aka yi rikodin a Italiya da kashi 65% na shigar da Rukunin Kula da Lafiya.[2]
Wani bincike da Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard ta gudanar da alama yana tabbatar da wata alaƙa tsakanin haɓakar adadin PM da adadin mace-mace sakamakon COVID-19 a cikin Amurka[4] A cikin sadarwar da ta gabata, mun yi hasashen yiwuwar SARS-CoV-2. kwayar cutar za ta iya kasancewa akan kwayoyin halitta (PM) yayin yaduwar kamuwa da cuta, [5,6] akai-akai tare da shaidar riga.
Akwai don sauran ƙwayoyin cuta.[7-15] Duk da haka, batun microbiome mai alaƙa da PM wanda ke da alaƙa da iska, musamman a cikin birane, ya kasance ba a bincika ba, [16] kuma - a halin yanzu - babu wanda har yanzu ya gudanar da nazarin gwaji na musamman da nufin. a tabbatar ko ban da kasancewar SARS-CoV-2 akan PM.
Anan, mun gabatar da sakamakon farko na nazarin da muka yi akan samfuran 34 PM10 na waje / iska PM10 daga rukunin masana'antu na lardin Bergamo, waɗanda aka tattara tare da samfuran iska guda biyu daban-daban akan ci gaba na tsawon makonni 3, daga Fabrairu 21st zuwa Maris. 13th.
Bin hanyar da Pan et al.a cikin 2019 (don tarin, girman barbashi da gano ƙwayoyin cuta na iska), [17] samfuran PM an tattara su akan matatun fiber quartz ta amfani da samfurin iska mai ƙarancin ƙarfi (38.3 l / min na 23 h), mai dacewa da hanyar tunani EN12341 :2014 don PM10 saka idanu.Bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta sun makale a kan tacewa tare da 99.9% na yau da kullunriƙewar aerosol, yadda ya kamata kuma an kai shi zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje na Applied and Comparative Genomics na Jami'ar Trieste.Ganin yanayin “muhalli” na samfurin, mai yiwuwa yana da wadatar masu hana DNA polymerases, mun ci gaba da fitar da RNA ta hanyar amfani da kit ɗin ƙwanƙolin ƙasa mai sauri na RNA wanda ya dace da nau'in masu tacewa.[18]Tace rabi ta mirgine, gefen sama na fuskantar ciki.a cikin bututun polypropylene 5 ml, tare da beads da aka bayar a cikin kit ɗin.Daga farkon 1 ml na lysisbuffer, mun sami damar samun kusan 400 ul na bayani, wanda aka sarrafa shi kamar yadda ka'idodin ƙa'idodi suka bayyana, wanda ya haifar da haɓakar ƙarshe na 15 ul.Daga baya, an yi amfani da 5 ul don gwajin SARS-CoV-2.Ganin ainihin asalin samfurin, an yi amfani da qScript XLT 1-Mataki RT-qPCR ToughMix.[19]Tsarukan haɓakawa sune na ƙa'idar da Corman et al, aka buga akan gidan yanar gizon WHO [20].
Gwajin an yi niyya ne kai tsaye don tabbatarwa ko ware kasancewar SARS-CoV-2 RNA akan abubuwan da ba su dace ba.Binciken farko ya yi amfani da "E gene" a matsayin alamar kwayoyin halitta kuma ya samar da sakamako mai ban sha'awa akan 15 daga cikin 16 tacewa ko da, kamar yadda zamu iya tsammanin, Ct yana tsakanin 36-38 hawan keke.
Bayan haka, mun sake yin nazari akan 6 na ingantattun tacewa (ya riga ya tabbata ga "E gene") ta amfani da "RtDR gene" azaman alamar kwayar halitta - wanda ke da takamaiman takamaiman SARS-CoV-2 - yana kaiwa ga sakamako mai mahimmanci 5. na tabbatacce;Hakanan an sami nasarar yin gwaje-gwajen sarrafawa don ware ƙimar ƙarya (Fig. 1).
Don guje wa ƙarancin ƙarancin kayan da ake samu, an isar da sauran RNA da aka fitar zuwa Asibitin Jami'ar gida (ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin asibiti da Gwamnatin Italiya ta ba da izini don gwajin gwajin SARS-CoV-2), don yin na biyu. a layi daya gwajin makafi.Wannan dakin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti na biyu ya gwada hakar RNA na 34 don kwayoyin E, N da RdRP, suna ba da rahoton sakamako mai kyau na 7 don aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin kwayoyin halitta masu alama, tare da tabbatarwa daban don duk alamomi uku (Fig. 2).Saboda yanayin samfurin, da kuma la'akari da cewa ba a yi samfurin ba don dalilai na asibiti amma don gwaje-gwajen gurɓataccen muhalli (la'akari da cewa an adana masu tacewa na akalla makonni hudu kafin a yi nazarin kwayoyin halitta, kamar yaddaSakamakon rufewar Italiyanci), za mu iya tabbatar da cewa mun nuna a fili kasancewar SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA ta gano takamaiman “Genen RtDR” akan matatun 8.Koyaya, saboda rashin ƙarin kayan aiki daga masu tacewa, ba mu sami damar maimaita isassun adadin gwaje-gwaje don nuna inganci ga dukkan alamomin kwayoyin halitta guda 3 a lokaci guda ba.
Wannan ita ce shaidar farko ta farko da ke nuna cewa SARS-CoV-2 RNA na iya kasancewa akan abubuwan da ke cikin waje, don haka yana ba da shawarar cewa, a cikin yanayin kwanciyar hankali da babban taro na PM, SARS-CoV-2 na iya ƙirƙirar gungu tare da PM na waje kuma - ta hanyar. rage yawan yaduwar su - haɓaka dagewar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin yanayi.Karin tabbacin wannan na farkoshaida na ci gaba, kuma ya kamata ya haɗa da kimantawa na ainihin-lokaci game da mahimmancin SARS-CoV-2 da kuma cutarwar sa lokacin da aka tallata kan abubuwan da ba su da tushe.A halin yanzu, ba za a iya yin wani zato game da alaƙa tsakanin kasancewar kwayar cutar kan PM da ci gaban barkewar COVID-19.Sauran batutuwan da za a magance su musamman su ne matsakaicin adadin PM a ƙarsheda ake buƙata don yuwuwar "tasirin haɓaka" na yaduwa (idan an tabbatar da cewa PM na iya yin aiki a matsayin "mai ɗaukar hoto" don ƙwayar cuta ta ƙwayar cuta), ko ma da yiwuwar rigakafin ƙwayar cuta sakamakon ƙarancin bayyanarwar kashi a ƙananan ƙofofin PM. .
Fig.1 Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru;tsallake layiyana wakiltar cirewar tacewa;jajayen layi suna wakiltar haɓakar samfuran inganci.
Hoto.2.Sakamako mai kyau (alama da X) na E, N da RdRP da aka samu don duk samfurin 34 PM10matatar da aka gwada a cikin nazari na layi daya na biyu.
Leonardo Setti1, Fabrizio Passarini2, Gianluigi De Gennaro3, Pierluigi Barbieri4, Maria Grazia Perrone5, Massimo Borelli6, Jolanda Palmisani3, Alessia Di Gilio3, Valentina Torboli6, Alberto Pallavicini6, Maurizio Ruscio7te, Alentina Torboli6.
1. Dept. Masana'antu Chemistry, Jami'ar Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento - 4, I-40136, Bologna, Italiya
e-mail: leonardo.setti@unibo.it
2. Cibiyar Interpartmental don Binciken Masana'antu "Sabunta Sabuntawa, Muhalli, Ci gaban Blue, Makamashi",
University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy e-mail: fabrizio.passarini@unibo.it
3. Dept. na Biology, Jami'ar "Aldo Moro" na Bari, Bari, Italiya
e-mail: gianluigi.degennaro@uniba.it; alessia.digilio@uniba.it; jolanda.palmisani@uniba.it
4. Sashen Kimiyya da Kimiyyar Magunguna, Jami'ar Trieste, Trieste, Italiya
e-mail: barbierp@units.it
5. Sashen Binciken Muhalli, TCR TECORA, Milan, Italiya
e-mail: mariagrazia.perrone@tcrtecora.com
6. Dept. na Kimiyyar Rayuwa - Jami'ar Trieste, Trieste, Italiya
e-mail: borelli@units.it; torboli@units.it; pallavic@units.it
7. Division of Laboratory Medicine, Jami'ar Asibitin Giuliano Isontina (ASU GI), Trieste, Italiya
email: maurizio.ruscio@asugi.sanita.fvg.it
8. Ƙungiyar Italiyanci na Magungunan Muhalli (SIMA), Milan, Italiya
e-mail: priscofreedom@hotmail.com; alessandro.miani@unimi.it
9. Sashen Kimiyyar Muhalli da Poicy, Jami'ar Milan, Milan, Italiya
e-mail: priscofreedom@hotmail.com; alessandro.miani@unimi.it
Mawallafi mai dacewa:
Leonardo Setti, Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy; e-mail: leonardo.setti@unibo.it
Magana
1. Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya, Hanyoyin watsa kwayar cutar da ke haifar da COVID-19: abubuwan da ke tattare da shawarwarin rigakafin IPC, taƙaitaccen ilimin kimiyya;Akwai a: https://www.who.int/newsroom/commentaries/detail/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causing-covid-19-implications-for-ipcprecaution-recommendations (29 Maris 2020)
2. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Italiya, bulletin yau da kullun Covid-19 fashewa a Italiya, ana samunsa a http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_notizie_4451_0_file.pdf
3. EEA, Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai, Ingantaccen iska a Turai Rahoton 2019;Babu 10/2019;Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai: Copenhagen, Denmark, tana samuwa a: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/airquality-in-europe-2019
4. Xiao Wu, Rachel C. Nethery, M. Benjamin Sabath, Danielle Braun, Francesca Dominici, Fuskantar gurbatar iska da mace-macen COVID-19 a Amurka, ana samunsu a: https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/ files/covid-pm/files/pm_and_covid_mortality.pdf
5. Ƙungiyar Italiya ta Magungunan Muhalli (SIMA), Matsayin Takarda Ƙarfafa Matter da COVID-19,
Akwai a: http://www.simaonlus.it/wpsima/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/COVID_19_positionpaper_ENG.pdf
6. Setti L., Passarini F., De Gennaro G., Barbieri P., Perrone MG, Piazzalunga A., Borelli M., Palmisani J., Di Gilio A, Piscitelli P, Miani A., Shin Akwai Taimako Mai Mahimmanci don Bambance-bambancen Al'amari a cikin yaduwar COVID-19 a Arewacin Italiya?, Amsoshi na gaggawa na BMJ, Afrilu 8th 2020, ana samun su a: https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1103/rapid-responses
7. Sedlmaier, N., Hoppenheidt, K., Krist, H., Lehmann, S., Lang, H., Buttner, M. Generation of Avian mura virus (AIV) gurbata fecal lafiya particulate kwayoyin halitta (PM2.5): genome da gano cututtuka da lissafi na immission.Dabbobin dabbobi.139, 156-164 (2009)
8. Zhao, Y., Richardson, B., Takle, E., Chai, L., Schmitt, D., Win, H. Watsawar iska na iya taka rawa wajen yaɗuwar 2015 mai saurin kamuwa da cutar mura a cikin Amurka.Sci Rep. 9, 11755. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47788-z (2019)
9. Ma, Y., Zhou, J., Yang, S., Zhao, Y., Zheng, X. Tantance tasirin al'amuran kura kan cutar kyanda a yammacin kasar Sin.Yanayin yanayi.157, 1-9 (2017)
10. Sorensen, JH, Mackay, DKJ, Jensen, C. Ø., Donaldson, AI Haɗe-haɗen samfuri don tsinkayar yanayin yaduwar cutar ƙwayar ƙafa da baki Epidemiol.Kamuwa da cuta., 124, 577-590 (2000)
11. Glostera, J., Alexandersen, S. Sabbin Hanyoyi: Isar da iska na Cutar Ƙafa da Baki na Muhalli, 38 (3), 503-505 (2004)
12. Reche, I., D'Orta, G., Mladenov, N., Winget, DM, Suttle, CA Adadin adadin ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta sama da yanayin iyaka na yanayi.Jaridar ISME.12, 1154-1162 (2018)
13. Qin, N., Liang, P., Wu, C., Wang, G., Xu, Q., Xiong, X., Wang, T., Zolfo, M., Segata, N., Qin, H. ., Knight, R., Gilbert, JA, Zhu, TF Longitudinal binciken microbiome mai alaƙa da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin megacity.Halittar Halittar Halittu.21, 55 (2020)
14. Zhao, Y., Richardson, B., Takle, E., Chai, L., Schmitt, D., Win, H. Airborne watsa iya samun
ya taka rawa a cikin yaduwar 2015 mai saurin kamuwa da cutar mura a cikin Amurka.Sci
Wakili 9, 11755. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47788-z (2019)
15. Ma, Y., Zhou, J., Yang, S., Zhao, Y., Zheng, X. Tantance tasirin kura kan cutar kyanda a yammacin kasar Sin.Yanayin yanayi.157, 1-9 (2017)
16. Jiang, W., Laing, P., Wang, B., Fang, J., Lang, J., Tian, G., Jiang, J., Zhu, TF Ingantaccen DNA hakar da metagenomic jeri na iska microbial al'ummomi. .Nat.Protoc.10, 768-779 (2015)
17. Pan, M., Lednicky, JA, Wu, C.-Y., Tarin, girman ƙwayar cuta da gano ƙwayoyin cuta na iska.Mujallar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, 127, 1596-1611 (2019)
18. Zymoresearch Ldt, bayanin samfurin, samuwa a: https://www.zymoresearch.com/products/quick-rnafecal-soil-microbe microprep-kit
19. Quantabio Ltd, bayanin samfurin, akwai a: https://www.quantabio.com/qscript-xlt-1-steprt-qpcr-toughmix
20. Corman, VM, Landt, O., Kaiser, M., Molenkamp, R., Meijer, A., Chu, DK, & Mulders, DG (2020).
Gano 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) ta ainihin-lokaci RT-PCR.Eurosurveillance, 25(3), akwai a:.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6988269/
Na asali: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.15.20065995
Lokacin aikawa: Afrilu-18-2020