Ọrịa iku ume siri ike nke a maara dị ka ọrịa COVID-19 - n'ihi nje SARS-CoV-2 - ka a ghọtara na ọ na-agbasa site na ụmụ irighiri mmiri iku ume na ndị na-akpachi anya.[1]Ibu nke COVID-19 dị oke njọ na Lombardy na Po Valley (Northern Italy),[2] mpaghara nwere nnukwu ihe dị n'ime ihe, nke amaralarị na-ebute mmetụta ọjọọ na ahụike mmadụ.[3]Onu ogugu mpaghara dị maka Italytali n'ụbọchị Eprel 12 na-egosi na ihe dị ka 30% nke ndị ezigbo mmadụ ugbu a ka bi na Lombardy (ihe dị ka 40% ma ọ bụrụ na-atụle ikpe niile enwetara site na mmalite nke ọrịa ahụ), Emilia Romagna sochiri (13.5%). , Piedmont (10.5%) na Veneto (10%).[2]Mpaghara anọ ndị a nke ndagwurugwu Po bụ 80% nke ngụkọta ọnwụ edere na Italy yana 65% nke nnabata ngalaba nlekọta ahụike.[2]
Nnyocha nke Harvard School of Health Public mere ka ọ na-akwado njikọ dị n'etiti mmụba na ntinye uche PM na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ n'ihi COVID-19 na US[4] Na nkwukọrịta gara aga, anyị echela na ọ ga-ekwe omume SARS-CoV-2. nje nwere ike dị na particulate okwu (PM) n'oge mgbasa nke ọrịa, [5,6] na-anọgide na-egosi ugbua.
dị maka nje ndị ọzọ.[7-15] Otú ọ dị, okwu banyere microbiome metụtara ikuku PM, karịsịa n'ime obodo mepere emepe, ka na-enyocha ya nke ukwuu, [16] na - ugbu a - ọ dịghị onye ka mere nchọpụta nnwale kpọmkwem maka ebumnuche ya. na nkwenye ma ọ bụ ewepu ọnụnọ nke SARS-CoV-2 na PM.
N'ebe a, anyị na-eweta nsonaazụ mbụ nke nyocha nke anyị mere na 34 PM10 samples nke n'èzí / ikuku PM10 site na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke Bergamo Province, anakọtara na abụọ dị iche iche ikuku samplers n'ime a na-aga n'ihu 3-izu oge, site na February 21st ruo March. 13th.
N'ịgbaso usoro nke Pan et al.na 2019 (maka nchịkọta, nha nha na nchọpụta nke nje ikuku), [17] PM ka anakọtara na nzacha quartz fiber site na iji ihe nlele ikuku gravimetric dị ala (38.3 l / min maka awa 23), dabara na usoro ntụaka EN12341 :2014 maka PM10 nlekota.Akpanyere ihe dị n'ime nzacha nwere 99.9% nke a na-ahụkarịNjide aerosol, echekwara nke ọma ma nyefee ya na ụlọ nyocha nke Applied and Comparative Genomics nke Mahadum Trieste.Nyere ọdịdị "gburugburu" nke ihe nlele ahụ, nke a na-eche na ọ bara ụba na ndị na-egbochi DNA polymerases, anyị gara n'ihu na mmịpụta RNA site na iji ngwa ngwa RNA fecal ala microbe kit dabara na ụdị nzacha.[18]Akpọrọ ihe nzacha ọkara, na akụkụ elu chere ihu n'ime,n'ime tube polypropylene 5 ml, ya na beads enyere na ngwa ahụ.Site na 1 ml nke mbụ nke lysisbuffer, anyị nwere ike ịnweta ihe dị ka 400 ul nke ngwọta, bụ nke a na-edozi ya dị ka akọwapụtara ụkpụrụ ọkọlọtọ, na-eme ka njedebe ikpeazụ nke 15 ul.Emechara, ejiri 5 ul mee nnwale SARS-CoV-2.N'iburu n'uche isi mmalite nke nlele ahụ, qScript XLT 1-Nzọụkwụ RT-qPCR ToughMix ji mee ihe.[19]Sistemụ nkwalite ahụ bụ nke usoro iwu Corman et al, nke e bipụtara na webụsaịtị WHO [20].
Ezubere ule a nke ọma iji kwado ma ọ bụ wepu ọnụnọ nke SARS-CoV-2 RNA n'ihe dị mkpa.Nyocha nke mbụ jiri "E gene" dị ka ihe nrịbama mkpụrụ ndụ ma mepụta ezigbo nsonaazụ na nzacha 15 n'ime 16 ọ bụrụgodị na, dịka anyị nwere ike ịtụ anya, Ct dị n'etiti 36-38 okirikiri.
Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, anyị emegharịla nyocha ahụ na 6 nke nzacha dị mma (nke dị mma na “E gene”) site na iji “RtDR gene” dị ka akara molekụla - nke akọwapụtara nke ọma maka SARS-CoV-2 - na-enweta nsonaazụ 5 dị mkpa. nke positivity;A na-emekwa ule nchịkwa iji wepụ positivity ụgha nke ọma (Fig 1).
Iji zere ịgwụ nke ihe nlele dị ụkọ, ebugara RNA ndị fọdụrụ amịpụtara n'ụlọ ọgwụ Mahadum mpaghara (otu n'ime ụlọ ọgwụ gọọmentị Italiantali nyere ikike maka ule nyocha SARS-CoV-2), iji mee nke abụọ. yiri kpuru ìsì ule.Ụlọ nyocha ụlọ ọgwụ nke abụọ a nwalere mmịpụta 34 RNA maka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa E, N na RdRP, na-akọpụta nsonaazụ 7 dị mma maka opekata mpe otu n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nrịbama atọ ahụ, na-egosipụtakwa positivity iche iche maka akara atọ niile (Fig 2).N'ihi ọdịdị nke ihe nlele ahụ, na-atụle na e mebeghị ihe nlele ahụ maka nyocha nyocha ahụike kama maka nyocha mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi (na-eburu n'uche na a na-echekwa ihe nzacha ma ọ dịkarịa ala izu anọ tupu ịmalite nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, dị ka.N'ihi nkwụsị nke Italiantali), anyị nwere ike gosi na anyị gosipụtara ezi uche na ọnụnọ nke SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA site na ịchọpụta "RtDR gene" nke ukwuu na nzacha 8.Agbanyeghị, n'ihi enweghị ihe ndị ọzọ sitere na nzacha, anyị enweghị ike ịmegharị ọnụọgụ ule zuru oke iji gosipụta ịdị mma maka akara molekụla 3 niile n'otu oge.
Nke a bụ ihe izizi izizi na SARS-CoV-2 RNA nwere ike ịnọ na ihe dị n'èzí, si otú a na-atụ aro na, n'ọnọdụ nke nkwụsi ike ikuku na mkpokọta PM, SARS-CoV-2 nwere ike ịmepụta ụyọkọ nwere PM n'èzí na - site na. ibelata ọnụọgụ mgbasa ozi ha - kwalite nkwụsi ike nke nje na ikuku.Nkwanye ndị ọzọ nke mbido aihe akaebe na-aga n'ihu, ma kwesịrị ịgụnye ntule ozugbo gbasara ịdị mkpa nke SARS-CoV-2 yana ike ya mgbe etinyere ya n'ihe dị mkpa.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, enweghị ike ịme echiche gbasara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọnụnọ nje na PM na ọganihu ntiwapụ COVID-19.Okwu ndị ọzọ a ga-edozi kpọmkwem bụ nkezi mkpokọta PM n'ikpeazụachọrọ maka “mmetụta nkwalite” nke mgbasa ahụ nwere ike (ọ bụrụ na ekwenye na PM nwere ike rụọ ọrụ dị ka “onye na-ebu” maka nje na-akpata viral droplet nuclei), ma ọ bụ ọbụlagodi ohere nke ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa n'ihi obere mkpughe dose na ọnụ ụzọ PM. .
Fig.1 Amplification curves nke E (A) na RdRP genes (B): ahịrị ndụ ndụ na-anọchi anya nzacha a nwalere;gafere ahịrịna-anọchi anya ihe nzacha nzacha;ahịrị uhie na-anọchi anya mmụba nke nlele dị mma.
Fig.2.Nsonaazụ dị mma (akara na X) maka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa E, N na RdRP nwetara maka nlele 34 PM10 niile.ihe nzacha nwalere na nyocha myirịta nke abụọ.
Leonardo Setti1, Fabrizio Passarini2, Gianluigi De Gennaro3, Pierluigi Barbieri4, Maria Grazia Perrone5, Massimo Borelli6, Jolanda Palmisani3, Alessia Di Gilio3, Valentina Torboli6, Alberto Pallavicini6, Maurizio Ruscio7te, Alentina Torboli6.
1. Dept. Industrial Chemistry, Mahadum Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento - 4, I-40136, Bologna, Italy
e-mail: leonardo.setti@unibo.it
2. Ụlọ ọrụ Interdepartmental maka nyocha ụlọ ọrụ "Isi mmalite, gburugburu, Blue Growth, Energy",
University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy e-mail: fabrizio.passarini@unibo.it
3. Dept. nke Biology, University "Aldo Moro" nke Bari, Bari, Italy
e-mail: gianluigi.degennaro@uniba.it; alessia.digilio@uniba.it; jolanda.palmisani@uniba.it
4. Dept. nke Chemical na Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mahadum Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
e-mail: barbierp@units.it
5. Ngalaba nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi, TCR TECORA, Milan, Italy
e-mail: mariagrazia.perrone@tcrtecora.com
6. Dept. nke Life Sciences - University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
e-mail: borelli@units.it; torboli@units.it; pallavic@units.it
7. Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Giuliano Isontina (ASU GI), Trieste, Italy
email: maurizio.ruscio@asugi.sanita.fvg.it
8. Ịtali Society of Environmental Medicine (SIMA), Milan, Italy
e-mail: priscofreedom@hotmail.com; alessandro.miani@unimi.it
9. Department of Environmental Science and Poicy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
e-mail: priscofreedom@hotmail.com; alessandro.miani@unimi.it
Onye ode akwụkwọ kwekọrọ:
Leonardo Setti, Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy; e-mail: leonardo.setti@unibo.it
Ntụaka
1. Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa, Ụdị nnyefe nke nje na-akpata COVID-19: ihe ọ pụtara maka ndụmọdụ nlezianya IPC, nkenke sayensị;dị na: https://www.who.int/newsroom/commentaries/detail/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causing-covid-19-implications-for-ipcprecaution-recommendations (29 Maachị 2020)
2. Mịnịstrị na-ahụ maka ahụike Italy, ntiwapụ nke Covid-19 kwa ụbọchị na Italy, dị na http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_notizie_4451_0_file.pdf
3. EEA, European Environmental Agency, Air Quality na Europe 2019 Report;Mba 10/2019;European Environment Agency: Copenhagen, Denmark, availbale na: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/airquality-in-europe-2019
4. Xiao Wu, Rachel C. Nethery, M. Benjamin Sabath, Danielle Braun, Francesca Dominici, Ngosipụta mmetọ ikuku na ọnwụ COVID-19 na United States, dị na: https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/ faịlụ/covid-pm/files/pm_and_covid_mortality.pdf
5. Society Italian Society of Environmental Medicine (SIMA), Akwụkwọ Ọpụrụiche na COVID-19,
dị na: http://www.simaonlus.it/wpsima/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/COVID_19_positionpaper_ENG.pdf
6. Setti L., Passarini F., De Gennaro G., Barbieri P., Perrone MG, Piazzalunga A., Borelli M., Palmisani J., Di Gilio A, Piscitelli P, Miani A., Enwere ike ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma. maka ihe dị mkpa na mgbasa nke COVID-19 na Northern Italy?, BMJ Rapid Responses, Eprel 8th 2020, dị na: https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1103/rapid-responses
7. Sedlmaier, N., Hoppenheidt, K., Krist, H., Lehmann, S., Lang, H., Buttner, M. Generation of avian influenza virus (AIV) meruuru fecal fine particulate ihe (PM2.5): genome na nchọpụta ọrịa na ngụkọta nke immission.Ọrịa anụmanụ Microbiology.139, 156-164 (2009)
8. Zhao, Y., Richardson, B., Takle, E., Chai, L., Schmitt, D., Win, H. Airborne nnyefe nwere ike na-ekere òkè na mgbasa nke 2015 ukwuu pathogenic avian influenza ntiwapụ na United States.Sci Rep. 9, 11755. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47788-z (2019)
9. Ma, Y., Zhou, J., Yang, S., Zhao, Y., Zheng, X. Ntụle maka mmetụta nke ihe omume uzuzu na ọrịa measles na ọdịda anyanwụ China.Ikuku gburugburu.157, 1-9 (2017)
10. Sorensen, JH, Mackay, DKJ, Jensen, C. Ø., Donaldson, AI Ihe atụ jikọtara ọnụ iji buo amụma ikuku ikuku nke nje virus na-efe efe nke ụkwụ na ọnụ.Ọrịa., 124, 577-590 (2000)
11. Glostera, J., Alexandersen, S. Ntuzi Ọhụrụ: Nbufe ikuku nke Ọrịa Ụkwụ na-Ọnụ Virus Environment Environment, 38 (3), 503-505 (2004)
12. Reche, I., D'Orta, G., Mladenov, N., Winget, DM, Suttle, CA Nkwado ọnụego nke nje na nje bacteria n'elu ikuku ókèala oyi akwa.Akwụkwọ akụkọ ISME.12, 1154-1162 (2018)
13. Qin, N., Liang, P., Wu, C., Wang, G., Xu, Q., Xiong, X., Wang, T., Zolfo, M., Segata, N., Qin, H ., Knight, R., Gilbert, JA, Zhu, TF Longitudinal nnyocha e mere nke microbiome jikọtara na particulate ihe na a megacity.Genome Biology.21, 55 (2020)
14. Zhao, Y., Richardson, B., Takle, E., Chai, L., Schmitt, D., Win, H. Airborne nnyefe nwere ike inwe.
keere òkè na mgbasa nke 2015 nke ukwuu ọrịa avian influenza ntiwapụ na United States.Sci
Nnọchiteanya 9, 11755. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47788-z (2019)
15. Ma, Y., Zhou, J., Yang, S., Zhao, Y., Zheng, X. Ntụle maka mmetụta nke ihe omume uzuzu na ọrịa measles na ọdịda anyanwụ China.Ikuku gburugburu.157, 1-9 (2017)
16. Jiang, W., Laing, P., Wang, B., Fang, J., Lang, J., Tian, G., Jiang, J., Zhu, TF Optimized DNA mmịpụta na metagenomic usoro nke ikuku ebutere obodo. .Mba.Protoc.10, 768-779 (2015)
17. Pan, M., Lednicky, JA, Wu, C.-Y., Mkpokọta, nha nha na nchọpụta nke nje virus ikuku.Akwụkwọ akụkọ Microbiology etinyere, 127, 1596-1611 (2019)
18. Zymoresearch Ldt, nkọwa ngwaahịa, dị na: https://www.zymoresearch.com/products/quick-rnafecal-soil-microbe microprep-kit
19. Quantabio Ltd, nkọwa nke ngwaahịa, dị na: https://www.quantabio.com/qscript-xlt-1-steprt-qpcr-toughmix
20. Corman, VM, Landt, O., Kaiser, M., Molenkamp, R., Meijer, A., Chu, DK, & Mulders, DG (2020).
Nchọpụta coronavirus ọhụrụ 2019 (2019-nCoV) site na RT-PCR dị adị.Eurosurveillance, 25(3), dị na:.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6988269/
Isi mmalite: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.15.20065995
Oge nzipu: Eprel-18-2020