ʻO ka maʻi hanu acute koʻikoʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo COVID-19 maʻi - ma muli o ka maʻi SARS-CoV-2 - ʻike ʻia e laha ma o nā kulu hanu a me nā pilina pili.[1]He koʻikoʻi loa ke kaumaha o COVID-19 ma Lombardy a me Po Valley (Northern Italy), [2] kahi wahi i hōʻike ʻia e ka nui o nā mea ʻala, i ʻike mua ʻia e hana i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke olakino kanaka.[3]Loaʻa nā helu kūloko no Italia ma ka lā o ʻApelila 12th e hōʻike ana ma kahi o 30% o ka poʻe maikaʻi i kēia manawa ke noho nei ma Lombardy (ma kahi o 40% inā e noʻonoʻo ana i nā hihia holoʻokoʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke ahulau), a ukali ʻia e Emilia Romagna (13.5%). , Piedmont (10.5%), a me Veneto (10%).[2]ʻO kēia mau ʻāpana ʻehā o ke awāwa ʻo Po he 80% o ka nui o nā make i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Italia a me 65% o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā Intensive Care Units.[2]
ʻO kahi noiʻi i hana ʻia e ka Harvard School of Public Health e hōʻoia i ka pilina ma waena o ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka PM a me nā helu make ma muli o COVID-19 ma US [4] I nā kamaʻilio mua, ua kuhi mākou i ka hiki ke SARS-CoV-2 hiki i ka maʻi maʻi ke loaʻa ma luna o ka particulate matter (PM) i ka wā o ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi, [5,6] me nā hōʻike i hala.
loaʻa no nā maʻi maʻi ʻē aʻe.[7-15] Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea i hoʻokō i nā noiʻi hoʻokolohua e pili ana i ka lewa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kaona o ke kūlanakauhale, [16] a i kēia manawa. i ka hōʻoia ʻana a i ʻole ka haʻalele ʻana i ka hele ʻana o ka SARS-CoV-2 ma PM.
Ma ʻaneʻi, hōʻike mākou i nā hopena mua o nā loiloi a mākou i hana ai ma 34 PM10 mau laʻana o waho / airborne PM10 mai kahi kahua ʻoihana o Bergamo Province, i hōʻiliʻili ʻia me ʻelua mau mea hoʻohālike ea like ʻole ma kahi mau pule he 3 mau pule, mai Pepeluali 21 a Malaki. 13th.
Ma hope o ke ʻano hana i wehewehe ʻia e Pan et al.i ka makahiki 2019 (no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, ka nui o nā ʻāpana a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā maʻi lele lele), [17] Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā mea hoʻohālike PM ma nā kānana fiber quartz ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi sampler gravimetric haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (38.3 l / min no 23 h), e like me ke ʻano kuhikuhi EN12341 : 2014 no ka nānā ʻana i ka PM10.Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mea ʻāpana i nā kānana me 99.9% maʻamauka mālama ʻana i ka aerosol, mālama pono ʻia a hāʻawi ʻia i ka hale hana o Applied and Comparative Genomics o Trieste University.Hāʻawi ʻia i ke ʻano "kaiapuni" o ka laʻana, i waiwai paha i nā mea paʻa o nā polymerases DNA, ua hoʻomau mākou i ka unuhi ʻana o RNA ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Quick RNA fecal soil microbe kit i hoʻopili ʻia i ke ʻano o nā kānana.[18]Ua ʻōwili ʻia ka hapalua kānana, me ka ʻaoʻao luna e kū ana i loko,i loko o kahi paipu polypropylene 5 ml, me nā pahu i hāʻawi ʻia i loko o ka pahu.Mai ka 1 ml mua o ka lysisbuffer, ua hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa ma kahi o 400 ul o ka hopena, a laila ua hana ʻia e like me ka wehewehe ʻana e nā protocols maʻamau, e hopena i kahi eluate hope o 15 ul.Ma hope mai, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka 5 ul no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana iā SARS-CoV-2.Hāʻawi ʻia i ke kumu kūikawā o ka laʻana, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka qScript XLT 1-Step RT-qPCR ToughMix.[19]ʻO nā ʻōnaehana hoʻonui ka mea o ka protocol i hoʻomohala ʻia e Corman et al, i paʻi ʻia ma ka pūnaewele WHO [20].
Ua kuhikuhi ʻia ka hoʻāʻo e hōʻoia a haʻalele paha i ka hele ʻana o ka SARS-CoV-2 RNA ma nā mea ʻala.Ua hoʻohana ka loiloi mua i ka "E gene" ma ke ʻano he molecular marker a hoʻopuka i kahi hopena maikaʻi maikaʻi ma 15 o 16 kānana inā paha, e like me kā mākou e manaʻo ai, aia ka Ct ma waena o 36-38 mau pōʻai.
Ma hope o kēlā, ua hana hou mākou i ka loiloi ma 6 o nā kānana maikaʻi (ua maikaʻi i ka "E gene") me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka "RtDR gene" ma ke ʻano he molecular marker - kahi kikoʻī loa no SARS-CoV-2 - hiki i 5 mau hopena koʻikoʻi. o ka positivity;Ua hoʻokō maikaʻi ʻia nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokele e kāpae i ka positivity wahaheʻe (Fig. 1).
I mea e pale ʻole ai i ka pau ʻana o nā mea laʻana liʻiliʻi i loaʻa, ua hāʻawi ʻia nā RNA i koe i ka Halemai o ke Kulanui kūloko (kekahi o nā kikowaena lapaʻau i ʻae ʻia e ke Aupuni Italia no nā hoʻokolohua diagnostic SARS-CoV-2), i mea e hana ai i kekona. hoao makapo parallel.Ua ho'āʻo kēia keʻena hoʻokolohua lua i nā unuhi 34 RNA no nā genes E, N a me RdRP, e hōʻike ana i nā hopena maikaʻi 7 no ka liʻiliʻi loa o hoʻokahi o nā genes marker ʻekolu, me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻokoʻa ʻana no nā kaha ʻekolu (Fig. 2).Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka laʻana, a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana ʻaʻole i lawe ʻia ka laʻana no nā kumu diagnostic clinical akā no nā hoʻāʻo haumia kaiapuni (e noʻonoʻo hoʻi ua mālama ʻia nā kānana no ka liʻiliʻi ʻehā pule ma mua o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka molecular genetic analyses.he hopena o ka pani ʻana o Italia), hiki iā mākou ke hōʻoia i ka hōʻike kūpono ʻana i ka hele ʻana o SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA ma ka ʻike ʻana i ka "gene RtDR" kikoʻī loa ma nā kānana 8.Eia naʻe, ma muli o ka nele o nā mea hou mai nā kānana, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hana hou i ka nui o nā hoʻāʻo e hōʻike i ka maikaʻi no nā māka molekala 3 i ka manawa like.
ʻO kēia ka hōʻike mua mua e hiki ai i ka SARS-CoV-2 RNA ke loaʻa i nā mea ʻala o waho, no laila e hōʻike ana, i nā kūlana o ka paʻa o ka lewa a me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o PM, hiki i ka SARS-CoV-2 ke hana i nā pūʻulu me ka PM waho a - ma. e ho'ēmi ana i kā lākou diffusion coefficient - hoʻonui i ka hoʻomau o ka maʻi maʻi i ka lewa.Nā hōʻoia hou aku o kēia muaKe hoʻomau nei nā hōʻike, a pono e hoʻokomo i ka loiloi manawa maoli e pili ana i ke ola o ka SARS-CoV-2 a me kona virulence i ka wā e hoʻopili ʻia ai i nā mea ʻala.I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe manaʻo e hiki ke hana e pili ana i ka pilina ma waena o ka hele ʻana o ka maʻi ma ka PM a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻi maʻi COVID-19.ʻO nā pilikia ʻē aʻe e hoʻoponopono pono ʻia ʻo ia ka awelika o ka PM ma hopekoi ʻia no ka "hoʻoikaika hoʻoikaika" o ka maʻi maʻi (inā ua hōʻoia ʻia e hana ʻo PM ma ke ʻano he "mea lawe" no ka nuclei droplet viral), a i ʻole ka manaʻo kūpono o ka maʻi maʻi ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka hōʻike ʻana ma nā paepae haʻahaʻa o PM. .
Fig.1 Nā kaha hoʻonui o E (A) a me RdRP genes (B): hōʻike nā laina ʻōmaʻomaʻo i nā kānana i hoʻāʻo ʻia;laina keahōʻike i nā unuhi kānana kuhikuhi;ʻO nā laina ʻulaʻula e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā hōʻailona maikaʻi.
Fig.2.Nā hualoaʻa maikaʻi (hōʻailona ʻia me X) no nā genes E, N a me RdRP i loaʻa no ka laʻana 34 PM10 āpau.nā kānana i hoʻāʻo ʻia ma nā ʻano loiloi like ʻelua.
Leonardo Setti1, Fabrizio Passarini2, Gianluigi De Gennaro3, Pierluigi Barbieri4, Maria Grazia Perrone5, Massimo Borelli6, Jolanda Palmisani3, Alessia Di Gilio3, Valentina Torboli6, Alberto Pallavicini6, Maurizio Ruscio7, Prisco Piscitelliani8, Prisco Piscitelliani8
1. Dept. Industrial Chemistry, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento - 4, I-40136, Bologna, Italia
e-mail: leonardo.setti@unibo.it
2. Ke kikowaena waena no ka noiʻi ʻenehana "Nā Punawai Hou, Kaiapuni, Ulu Polū, Energy",
University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy e-mail: fabrizio.passarini@unibo.it
3. Dept. of Biology, University "Aldo Moro" o Bari, Bari, Italia
e-mail: gianluigi.degennaro@uniba.it; alessia.digilio@uniba.it; jolanda.palmisani@uniba.it
4. Dept. of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italia
e-mail: barbierp@units.it
5. Mahele Imi Kaiapuni, TCR TECORA, Milana, Italia
e-mail: mariagrazia.perrone@tcrtecora.com
6. Dept. of Life Science – Ke Kulanui o Trieste, Trieste, Italia
e-mail: borelli@units.it; torboli@units.it; pallavic@units.it
7. Māhele o ka Lapaʻau Laboratory, Halemai Ke Kulanui ʻo Giuliano Isontina (ASU GI), Trieste, Italia
email: maurizio.ruscio@asugi.sanita.fvg.it
8. Ka Hui Italia o ka Lapaau Kaiapuni (SIMA), Milana, Italia
e-mail: priscofreedom@hotmail.com; alessandro.miani@unimi.it
9. Ke Keʻena ʻEpekema Kaiapuni a me Poicy, Ke Kulanui o Milan, Milana, Italia
e-mail: priscofreedom@hotmail.com; alessandro.miani@unimi.it
Mea kākau kūpono:
Leonardo Setti, Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy; e-mail: leonardo.setti@unibo.it
Nā kuhikuhi
1. World Health Organization, Nā ʻano o ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi e hoʻomake ai i ka COVID-19: nā hopena no nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo mālama IPC, pōkole ʻepekema;Loaʻa ma: https://www.who.int/newsroom/commentaries/detail/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causing-covid-19-implications-for-ipcprecaution-recommendations (29 Malaki 2020)
2. Ke Kuhina Ola o Italia, ʻo ka puka ʻana o Covid-19 i kēlā me kēia lā ma Italia, loaʻa ma http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_notizie_4451_0_file.pdf
3. EEA, European Environment Agency, Air Quality in Europe 2019 Report;ʻAʻole 10/2019;ʻElepa Kaiapuni ʻEulopa: Copenhagen, Denmark, loaʻa ma: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/airquality-in-europe-2019
4. Xiao Wu, Rachel C. Nethery, M. Benjamin Sabath, Danielle Braun, Francesca Dominici, Hōʻike i ka pollution ea a me ka make ma COVID-19 ma United States, loaʻa ma: https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/ files/covid-pm/files/pm_and_covid_mortality.pdf
5. ʻAhahui ʻItalia o ka Lapaʻau Kaiapuni (SIMA), ʻO ka Pepa Kūʻai Kūʻai Kūʻai a me COVID-19,
loaʻa ma: http://www.simaonlus.it/wpsima/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/COVID_19_positionpaper_ENG.pdf
6. Setti L., Passarini F., De Gennaro G., Barbieri P., Perrone MG, Piazzalunga A., Borelli M., Palmisani J., Di Gilio A, Piscitelli P, Miani A., Aia kekahi kuleana kūpono. no nā mea ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o COVID-19 ma Northern Italy?, BMJ Rapid Responses, ʻApelila 8th 2020, loaʻa ma: https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1103/rapid-responses
7. Sedlmaier, N., Hoppenheidt, K., Krist, H., Lehmann, S., Lang, H., Buttner, M. Hanau o ka ma'i ma'i avian influenza (AIV) contaminated fecal fine particulate (PM2.5): ka ʻike ʻana o ka genome a me ka infectivity a me ka helu ʻana o ka immission.ʻO ka Microbiology holoholona.139, 156-164 (2009)
8. ʻO Zhao, Y., Richardson, B., Takle, E., Chai, L., Schmitt, D., Win, H. Ua hoʻokani paha ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka ea i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka maʻi maʻi maʻi avian pathogenic i ka makahiki 2015. ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.Sci Rep. 9, 11755. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47788-z (2019)
9. Ma, Y., Zhou, J., Yang, S., Zhao, Y., Zheng, X. Ka loiloi no ka hopena o nā hanana lepo i ka maʻi maʻi maʻi ma ke komohana o Kina.Kaiapuni lewa.157, 1-9 (2017)
10. Sorensen, JH, Mackay, DKJ, Jensen, C. Ø., Donaldson, AI He kumu hoʻohālike i hoʻohui ʻia e wānana i ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi maʻi wāwae-a-waha Epidemiol.Infect., 124, 577–590 (2000)
11. Glostera, J., Alexandersen, S. Nā kuhikuhi hou: Ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka lewa o ka maʻi maʻi maʻi wāwae a me ka waha Atmospheric Environment, 38 (3), 503-505 (2004)
12. Reche, I., D'Orta, G., Mladenov, N., Winget, DM, Suttle, CA Ka nui o ka waiho ʻana o nā maʻi maʻi a me ka bacteria ma luna o ka papa palena o ka lewa.ʻO ka ISME Journal.12, 1154-1162 (2018)
13. Qin, N., Liang, P., Wu, C., Wang, G., Xu, Q., Xiong, X., Wang, T., Zolfo, M., Segata, N., Qin, H ., Knight, R., Gilbert, JA, Zhu, TF Nānā lōʻihi o ka microbiome e pili ana me nā mea ʻāpana i loko o kahi megacity.ʻO ke ola kino Genome.21, 55 (2020)
14. Zhao, Y., Richardson, B., Takle, E., Chai, L., Schmitt, D., Win, H. Loaʻa paha ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka lewa.
Ua hoʻokani ʻo ia i kahi hana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka maʻi avian avian maʻi maʻi i ka makahiki 2015 ma United States.ʻO Sci
Lunamakaainana 9, 11755. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47788-z (2019)
15. Ma, Y., Zhou, J., Yang, S., Zhao, Y., Zheng, X. Ka loiloi no ka hopena o nā hanana lepo i ka maʻi ʻaʻai ma ke komohana o Kina.Kaiapuni lewa.157, 1-9 (2017)
16. Jiang, W., Laing, P., Wang, B., Fang, J., Lang, J., Tian, G., Jiang, J., Zhu, TF Hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻili ʻana o DNA a me ka metagenomic sequencing o nā kaiāulu microbial ea. .Nat.Protoc.10, 768-779 (2015)
17. Pan, M., Lednicky, JA, Wu, C.-Y., Ohi, ka nui o na mea liilii a me ka ike ana i na ma'i lele lele.Nūpepa o Applied Microbiology, 127, 1596-1611 (2019)
18. Zymoresearch Ldt, wehewehe huahana, loaʻa ma: https://www.zymoresearch.com/products/quick-rnafecal-soil-microbe microprep-kit
19. Quantabio Ltd, wehewehe o ka huahana, loaʻa ma: https://www.quantabio.com/qscript-xlt-1-steprt-qpcr-toughmix
20. Corman, VM, Landt, O., Kaiser, M., Molenkamp, R., Meijer, A., Chu, DK, & Mulders, DG (2020).
ʻIke ʻia o ka 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) e ka RT-PCR manawa maoli.Eurosurveillance, 25(3), loaʻa ma:.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6988269/
Kumu: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.15.20065995
Ka manawa kau: Apr-18-2020