Backdrafting inogona kukonzera nyaradzo uye IAQ matambudziko
Vanhu vanopedza nguva yakawanda yenguva yavo mudzimba (Klepeis et al. 2001), zvichiita kuti mukati memhepo iwedzere kunetseka.Yakave ichizivikanwa zvikuru kuti mutoro wehutano wemhepo yemukati wakakosha (Edwards et al. 2001; de Oliveira et al.2004; Weisel et al. 2005).Mitemo yemazuva ano yekufemesa yakatemerwa kuchengetedza hutano uye kupa nyaradzo kuvagari, asi ruzhinji rwunovimba zvakanyanya nekutonga kweinjiniya nekuda kwehushoma huripo hwekururamisa kwesainzi.Ichi chikamu chinotsanangura nzira dzazvino uye dzinogona kuitika dzekufungidzira mafashama anodiwa ekufemesa nekupa tarisiro yezviyero zvakakosha zviripo.
ZVINHU ZVAUNHU NECARBON DIOXIDE
Pettenkofer Zahl mabhesi ekufemesa zviyero
Kudikitira kunoratidzika kunge ndiko kunhuhwirira kwemuviri kunotarisisa kunoonekwa mukati memhepo mhando (Gids uye Wouters, 2008).Kunhuhwirira kunogadzira kusagadzikana, sezvo kunaka kwemweya kunowanzoonekwa sekusavapo kwekunhuwa.Muzviitiko zvakawanda vagari vemo vanojaira kunhuhwirira kunogona kunyatsonzwisiswa nemunhu anopinda mukamuri.Mutongo wedare rekushanyira bvunzo (Fanger et al. 1988) rinogona kushandiswa kuongorora kunhuhwirira kwakanyanya.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) haisi mutyairi mukuru wehutano hwekuratidzwa mukati memhepo mudzimba.CO2 mucherechedzo wezvinhu zvipenyu zvevanhu uye inogona kuenderana nekunetsa kwekunhuhwirira.CO2 yanga iri hwaro hwezvinenge zvese zvinodiwa zvekufemesa muzvivako kubvira basa raPettenkofer (1858).Akaziva kuti nepo CO2 yakanga isingakuvadzi pamatanho akajairwa emukati uye isingaonekwe nevanhu, yaive tsvina inoyerwa yekuti miitiro yemhepo inogona kugadzirwa kutenderedza.Kubva pachidzidzo ichi, akakurudzira iyo inodaidzwa kuti "PettekoferZahl" ye1000 ppm seyepamusoro CO2 level kudzivirira kunhuhwirira kubva kune vanhu.Akafungidzira kunze kwekusungwa kwe500 ppm.Akarayira kudzikamisa musiyano mu CO2 pakati pemukati nekunze kusvika pa500 ppm.Izvi zvakaenzana nehuwandu hwekuyerera kumunhu mukuru we10 dm3/s pamunhu.Mari iyi ichiri hwaro hwezvinodiwa zvekufefetera munyika dzakawanda.Gare gare Yaglou (1937), Bouwman (1983), Cain (1983) naFanger (1988) vakaita imwe tsvakiridzo pa“kunhuhwirira nuisance driven” nzira yekufema yakavakirwa paCO2 sechiratidzo.
Tafura: Kazhinji inoshandiswa CO2 miganhu munzvimbo (Gids 2011)
Ongororo ichangoburwa inoratidza kuti CO2 pachayo inogona kupesvedzera maitiro enjere evanhu (Satish et al. 2012).Kana kuita kwevanhu ndiko kunonyanya kukosha parameter mumakamuri akadai semakirasi, makamuri ehurukuro uye kunyange mune dzimwe nguva maoffices, CO2 mazinga anofanirwa kutarisa mhepo yemhepo pane kushungurudza uye / kana nyaradzo.Kuti ugadzire zviyero zvinoenderana neCO2 yekushanda kwenjere, nhanho inogamuchirika yekufumurwa yaizofanirwa kuumbwa.Zvichienderana nechidzidzo ichi, kuchengetedza chiyero chakatenderedza 1000 ppm kunoratidzika kunge kusina kukanganisa pakuita (Satish et al. 2012)
BASIS FOR FUTURE VENTILATION STANDARDS
VENTILATION FOR UTANO
Zvinhu zvinosvibisa zvinobudiswa mukati kana kupinda munzvimbo iyo vagari vanozozvifema.Kufefetera kunopa imwe sarudzo yekubvisa zvinosvibisa kuderedza kuratidzwa kungave nekubvisa zvinosvibisa panobva, senge nema cooker hoods, kana nekunyungudutsa mhepo mumba kuburikidza nemhepo yese yemba.Ventilation haisiriyo yega sarudzo yekudzora yekudzikisa kuratidzwa uye inogona kunge isiri iyo chaiyo chishandiso mumamiriro mazhinji.
Kuti ugadzire nzira yekupinza mhepo kana tsvina yekudzora yakavakirwa pahutano, panofanirwa kuve nekunzwisisa kwakajeka kwezvinosvibisa zvekudzora, zvitubu zvemukati uye tsime remasimba ezvinosvibisa izvozvo, uye mwero unogamuchirika wekufumurwa mumba.A European Collaborative Action yakagadzira nzira yekuona kudiwa kwemhepo yekufefetera kuti iwane yakanaka mukati memhepo yemhando sebasa rezvinosvibisa izvi (Bienfait et al. 1992).
Zvakanyanya kukosha zvinosvibisa mumba
Zvinosvibisa zvinoratidzika sekutyaira njodzi dzehutano dzisingaperi dzine chekuita nekusangana nemhepo yemukati ndeidzi:
• Zvimedu zvakanaka (PM2.5)
• Chiutsi chefodya chekare (SHS)
• Radon
• Ozoni
• Formaldehyde
• Acrolein
• Zvikonzero zvine chekuita nehunyoro
Parizvino hapana data rakakwana pamusoro pesimba rekusimba uye chaiyo sosi mipiro yekuratidzwa mudzimba kugadzira mwero wekufemesa zvichienderana nehutano.Pane musiyano wakakura wezvimiro kubva kumba kuenda kumba uye mwero wakakodzera wekufemesa wemba ungangoda kutarisisa zviwanikwa zvemukati uye maitiro emugari.Iyi inzvimbo inoenderera mberi yekutsvaga.Remangwana remhepo yekufefetera mwero inogona kuvimba nemhedzisiro yehutano kumisikidza yakakwana mazinga emhepo.
VENTILATION FOR NYARADZO
Sezvatsanangurwa pamusoro apa, kunhuhwirira kunogona kuita basa rinokosha mukunyaradza uye kugara zvakanaka.Chimwe chikamu chekunyaradza ndiko kunyaradza kwekupisa.Ventilation inogona kukanganisa kunyaradza kwekupisa nekutakura kwakatonhorera,
kupisa, humidified kana mhepo yakaoma.Kuvhiringika uye kumhanya kwemhepo kunokonzerwa nekufefeterwa kwemhepo kunogona kukanganisa kunenge kuine kugadzikana kwemafuta.Kupinda kwakakwirira kana kuchinja kwemhepo kunogona kugadzira kusagadzikana (Liddament 1996).
Kuverengera kunodiwa kufefetera mitengo yekunyaradza uye hutano kunoda nzira dzakasiyana.Ventilation yekunyaradza inonyanya kuenderana nekuderedza kunhuwa uye tembiricha / humidity kudzora, nepo kune hutano zano rinobva mukuderedza kuratidzwa.Chikumbiro chezvakabatanidzwa maitiro ekutungamira (CEC 1992) ndeye kuverengera zvakasiyana mwero wekufema unodiwa kunyaradza uye hutano.Iyo yakanyanya kufefetera mwero inofanirwa kushandiswa pakugadzira.
ZVIRIPO VENTILATION STANDARDS
UNITED STATES VENTILATION MITIRO: ASHRAE 62.2
The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineer's (ASHRAE's) Standard 62.2 ndiyo inogamuchirwa nevakawanda mudzimba dzekufemesa mhepo muUnited States.ASHRAE yakagadzira Standard 62.2 “Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings” kugadzirisa indoor air quality (IAQ) nyaya (ASHRAE 2010).ASHRAE 62.2 yave kudiwa mune mamwe macode ekuvaka, akadai seCalifornia's Title 24, uye inotorwa sechiyero chetsika muzvirongwa zvakawanda zvekushandisa simba uye nemasangano anodzidzisa nekupa zvitupa mashandiro epamba.Chiyero chinotsanangudza huwandu, hwekugara-pamwero wekunze kwemhepo yemhepo sebasa renzvimbo yeuriri (nzvimbo inomiririra zvinhu zvinobuda) uye huwandu hwemakamuri ekurara (mumiriri wezvinobuda nevanhu) uye inoda imba yekugezera uye yekubikira mafeni ekupedza simba.Kutariswa kweiyo chiyero kazhinji kunoonekwa seyeyero yemhepo yekufema.Kusimbisa uku kwakabva papfungwa yekuti njodzi dziri mukati medzimba dzinofambiswa nezvinogara zvichiburitswa, zvakagovaniswa sosi se formaldehyde kubva mumidziyo uye bioeffluents (kusanganisira hwema) kubva kuvanhu.Chiyero chaidiwa chekugara kwese mechanical ventilation chaive chakavakirwa pakutonga kwakanaka kwenyanzvi mumunda, asi hakuna kubva pane chero ongororo yemakemikari anosvibisa kana zvimwe zvine chekuita nehutano.
EUROPEAN VENTILATION STANDARDS
Kune akasiyana siyana ekufemesa mwero munyika dzakasiyana dzeEurope.Dimitroulopoulou (2012) inopa mucherechedzo wezviyero zviripo muchimiro chetafura chenyika gumi ne (Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom) pamwe chete ne tsananguro yekuenzanisa uye kuyerwa zvidzidzo zvakaitwa munyika imwe neimwe.Nyika dzese dzakatsanangudza mitengo yekuyerera yeimba yese kana makamuri chaiwo emba.Kuyerera kwemhepo kwakatsanangurwa mune imwechete chiyero chemakamuri anotevera: imba yekutandarira, imba yekurara, kicheni, yekugezera, chimbuzi Mitemo yakawanda inongotaurwa chete mafambiro emhepo pachikamu chemakamuri.
Hwaro hwezvinodiwa zvekufefetera mhepo hunosiyana nyika nenyika nezvinodiwa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwevanhu, nzvimbo yepasi, nhamba yemakamuri, rudzi rwekamuri, rudzi rweyuniti kana kumwe kusanganiswa kwezvinhu izvi.Brelih and Olli (2011) akaunganidza mwero wekufemesa kwemhepo kunyika gumi nenhanhatu muEurope (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, United Kingdom).Vakashandisa seti yedzimba dzakajairwa kuenzanisa zvinokonzeresa mhepo yekutsinhana mitengo (AERs) yakaverengerwa kubva pazviyero izvi.Vakaenzanisa mitengo yekufambisa kwemhepo inodiwa yeimba yese uye basa rekufambisa mhepo.Inodiwa yese imba yekufefetera mitengo kubva pa 0.23-1.21 ACH ine tsika dzepamusoro muNetherlands uye dzakaderera muBulgaria.
Minimum range hood exhaust rates kubva pa5.6-41.7 dm3/s.
Mari shoma yekupera kwezvimbuzi kubva pa4.2-15 dm3/s.
Maminimuminimu ekupera kwemitengo kubva mudzimba dzekugezera kubva pa4.2-21.7 dm3/s.
Zvinoita sekunge paine kuwirirana pakati pezvizhinji zvekuti chiyero chekufemesa kweimba yese chinodiwa pamwe nekuwedzera mwero wepamusoro wekufefetera mumakamuri umo zviitiko zvekuburitsa zvinosvibisa zvinogona kuitika, semakicheni nedzimba dzekugezera, kana uko vanhu vanopedza yakawanda yenguva yavo, zvakadai. sedzimba dzekugara nedzekurara.
MITIRO MUKUITA
Kuvakwa kweimba kutsva kwakavakirwa zvine hungwaru kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvakatsanangurwa munyika iyo imba inovakwa.Midziyo yekufemesa mweya inosarudzwa inosangana nezvinodiwa zvekuyerera.Kuyerera kwemitengo kunogona kukanganiswa neinopfuura mudziyo wakasarudzwa.Kudzoreredzwa kubva kumhepo yakanamirwa kune yakapihwa feni, kuisirwa kusiri iko uye mafirita akavharika anogona kukonzera kudonha mukuita kwe fan.Parizvino hapana kutumwa kunodiwa mune chero US kana European zviyero.Kutumwa kunosungirwa muSweden kubvira 1991. Kutuma inzira yekuyera kuita kwekuvaka chaiko kuti vaone kana vachizadzisa zvinodiwa (Stratton and Wray 2013).Kutumira kunoda zvimwe zviwanikwa uye zvinogona kunzi zvinodhura.Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwekutumwa, mafashama chaiwo anogona kusasangana neakatemerwa kana akagadzirwa maitiro.Stratton et al (2012) akayera mwero wekuyerera kwemvura mu15 California, US dzimba uye vakawana kuti 1 chete ndiyo yaisangana neASHRAE 62.2 Standard zvachose.Zviyero muEurope yose zvakaratidzawo kuti dzimba dzakawanda dzinokundikana kusangana nemitemo yakatarwa (Dimitroulopoulou 2012).Komisheni inofanirwa kuwedzerwa kune iripo zviyero kuti ive nechokwadi chekutevedzera mudzimba.
Nguva yekutumira: Oct-15-2021