Jagororin Samun iska Don Zane

Manufar jagororin (Blomsterberg,2000) [Ref 6] shine don ba da jagoranci ga masu aiki (musamman HVAC-masu tsarawa da masu kula da ginin, amma har da abokan ciniki da masu amfani da ginin) a cikin yadda za a kawo tsarin samun iska tare da kyawawan wasan kwaikwayon da ake amfani da su na al'ada da sababbin abubuwa. fasaha.Sharuɗɗan sun dace da tsarin samun iska a cikin gine-ginen zama da kasuwanci, kuma a duk tsawon rayuwar ginin gini, watau taƙaitacciya, ƙira, gini, ƙaddamarwa, aiki, kulawa da rushewa.

Abubuwan bukatu masu zuwa suna da mahimmanci don ƙirar tsarin aiki na tsarin iskar iska:

• Ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ayyuka (game da ingancin iska na cikin gida, ta'aziyyar zafi, ƙarfin makamashi da dai sauransu) an ƙayyade don tsarin da za a tsara.
• Ana amfani da yanayin yanayin rayuwa.
• Ana ɗaukar tsarin samun iska a matsayin wani ɓangare na ginin.

Manufar ita ce zayyana tsarin samun iska, wanda ya cika ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ayyuka (duba babi na 7.1), yin amfani da fasaha na al'ada da na zamani.Dole ne a daidaita tsarin tsarin tsarin iska tare da aikin zane na injiniyan injiniyan gine-gine, injiniyan lantarki da mai tsara tsarin dumama / sanyaya Wannan don tabbatar da cewa ginin da aka gama tare da dumama, sanyaya da tsarin iska. yayi kyau.A ƙarshe kuma ba ko kaɗan ya kamata a tuntubi manajan ginin dangane da buƙatunsa na musamman.Shi ne zai dauki nauyin gudanar da tsarin iskar shaka na tsawon shekaru masu zuwa.Saboda haka mai zanen dole ne ya ƙayyade wasu dalilai (kayayyaki) don tsarin samun iska, daidai da ƙayyadaddun aikin.Ya kamata a zaɓi waɗannan abubuwan (kayayyaki) ta yadda tsarin gabaɗaya zai sami mafi ƙarancin farashi na rayuwa don ƙayyadadden matakin inganci.Ya kamata a aiwatar da haɓakar tattalin arziki cikin la'akari:

• Kudin zuba jari
• Kudin aiki (makamashi)
• Kudin kulawa (canjin masu tacewa, tsaftace bututu, tsaftace na'urorin tashar iska da sauransu)

Wasu daga cikin abubuwan (kaddarorin) suna rufe wuraren da yakamata a gabatar da buƙatun aiki ko ƙara ƙarfi a nan gaba.Wadannan abubuwan sune:

• Zane tare da hangen nesa na rayuwa
• Zane don ingantaccen amfani da wutar lantarki
• Zane don ƙananan matakan sauti
• Zane don amfani da tsarin sarrafa makamashi na ginin
• Zane don aiki da kiyayewa

Zane tare da tsarin rayuwa hangen zaman gaba 

Dole ne a samar da gine-gine masu ɗorewa watau dole ne gini a lokacin rayuwarsa yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga muhalli.Alhakin wannan akwai nau'ikan mutane daban-daban kamar masu zanen kaya, manajan gini.Ya kamata a yi la'akari da samfurori ta hanyar tsarin rayuwa, inda dole ne a biya hankali ko duk wani tasiri ga muhalli a duk tsawon rayuwar rayuwa.A farkon mataki mai tsarawa, mai siye da ɗan kwangila na iya yin zaɓin abokantaka na muhalli.Ginin ya ƙunshi sassa daban-daban tare da tsawon rayuwa daban-daban.A cikin wannan mahallin dole ne a yi la'akari da daidaito da sassaucin ra'ayi, watau cewa amfani da misalin ginin ofis na iya canzawa sau da yawa yayin tsawon ginin.Zaɓin tsarin iskar iska yawanci farashi yana tasiri sosai ta hanyar tsadar kayayyaki watau yawanci tsadar jari ba tsadar sake zagayowar rayuwa ba.Wannan sau da yawa yana nufin tsarin samun iska wanda kawai ya cika buƙatun ka'idar ginin a mafi ƙarancin farashin saka hannun jari.Kudin aiki na misali fan zai iya zama kashi 90% na farashin sake zagayowar rayuwa.Muhimman abubuwan da suka dace da ra'ayoyin tsarin rayuwa sune:
Tsawon rayuwa.

• Tasirin muhalli.
• Canje-canjen tsarin iska.
• Binciken farashi.

Hanya madaidaiciya da aka yi amfani da ita don nazarin farashi na sake zagayowar rayuwa ita ce ƙididdige ƙimar ƙimar yanzu.Hanyar ta haɗu da saka hannun jari, makamashi, kiyayewa da farashin muhalli yayin wani ɓangare na ko gabaɗayan aikin ginin.Ana sake ƙididdige kuɗin kuɗin shekara don makamashi, kulawa da muhallin farashin oa a halin yanzu, a yau (Nilson 2000) [Ref 36].Tare da wannan hanya ana iya kwatanta tsarin daban-daban.Tasirin muhalli a cikin farashi yawanci yana da wahalar tantancewa kuma saboda haka ana barin shi sau da yawa.An yi la'akari da tasirin muhalli har zuwa wani lokaci ta hanyar hada makamashi.Sau da yawa ana yin lissafin LCC don haɓaka amfani da makamashi yayin lokacin aiki.Babban sashi na zagayowar rayuwa makamashi amfani da gini shine a wannan lokacin watau dumama/ sanyaya sarari, samun iska, samar da ruwan zafi, wutar lantarki da haske (Adalberth 1999) [Ref 25].Idan aka ɗauka tsawon rayuwar ginin ya zama shekaru 50, lokacin aiki zai iya yin lissafin 80 - 85% na yawan amfani da makamashi.Sauran 15 - 20 % shine don masana'antu da sufuri na kayan gini da gine-gine.

Zane don ingantaccen amfani da wutar lantarki don samun iska 

Amfani da wutar lantarki na tsarin samun iska an ƙayyade shi ne ta hanyar abubuwa masu zuwa: • Matsalolin matsa lamba da yanayin kwararar iska a cikin tsarin bututun.
• Ingantaccen fan
• Dabarar sarrafawa don kwararar iska
• Daidaitawa
Don haɓaka ingantaccen amfani da wutar lantarki waɗannan matakan suna da ban sha'awa:

• Inganta tsarin gaba ɗaya na tsarin samun iska misali rage yawan lanƙwasa, masu watsawa, canje-canjen sashe, T-yankuna.
• Canza zuwa fanka tare da inganci mai girma (misali mai tuƙi kai tsaye maimakon bel ɗin tuƙi, ingantacciyar mota, lanƙwasa na baya maimakon mai lankwasa gaba).
• Rage ɗigon matsa lamba a fanan haɗin haɗi - ductwork (mashigin fan da kanti).
• Rage ɗigon matsa lamba a cikin tsarin bututu misali a fadin lanƙwasa, masu watsawa, canje-canjen sashe, T-yankuna.
• Shigar da ingantacciyar dabarar sarrafa kwararar iska (yawanci ko sarrafa kusurwar fanni maimakon ƙarfin lantarki, damper ko sarrafa vane jagora).

Muhimmancin amfani da wutar lantarki gabaɗaya don samun iskar shaka shi ne ba shakka kuma rashin iska na aikin bututun, yawan zirga-zirgar iska da lokutan aiki.

Don nuna bambanci tsakanin tsarin da ke da ƙananan matsa lamba da kuma tsarin da har zuwa yanzu yana aiki da "tsari mai inganci", SFP (takamaiman ikon fan) = 1 kW / m³ / s, an kwatanta shi da "tsarin al'ada. ”, SFP = tsakanin 5.5 – 13 kW/m³/s (dubaTable 9).Tsarin ingantaccen tsari zai iya samun darajar 0.5 (duba babi 6.3.5).

Tebur na 9: Ƙididdigar matsi da SFP dabi'u don "tsari mai inganci" da "na yanzu tsarin”. 

Zane don ƙananan matakan sauti 

Mafarin farawa lokacin zayyana don ƙananan matakan sauti shine tsara don ƙananan matakan matsa lamba.Ta wannan hanyar za a iya zaɓar fan da ke gudana a ƙananan mitar juyawa.Ana iya samun raguwar raguwar matsi ta hanyoyi masu zuwa:

• Ƙananan saurin iska watau manyan bututu girma
• Rage yawan abubuwan da aka gyara tare da raguwar matsa lamba misali canje-canje a cikin daidaitawar bututu ko girman, dampers.
• Rage raguwar matsa lamba a tsakanin abubuwan da suka dace
• Kyakkyawan yanayin kwarara a mashigin iska da kantuna

Dabarun masu zuwa don sarrafa motsin iska sun dace, la'akari da sauti:

• Sarrafa mitar jujjuyawar motar
• Canza kusurwar ɗigon fan na magoya bayan axial
• Nau'in da hawan fan ɗin yana da mahimmanci ga matakin sauti.

Idan tsarin iskar da aka ƙera don haka bai cika buƙatun sauti ba, to tabbas dole ne a haɗa masu haɓaka sauti cikin ƙira.Kar a manta cewa hayaniya na iya shiga ta tsarin iskar iska misali hayaniya ta iska ta hanyoyin iska ta waje.
7.3.4 Zane don amfani da BMS
Tsarin gudanarwa na ginin (BMS) na ginin da abubuwan yau da kullun don bin ma'auni da ƙararrawa, ƙayyade yiwuwar samun ingantaccen aiki na tsarin dumama / sanyaya da iska.Kyakkyawan aiki na tsarin HVAC yana buƙatar cewa za a iya sa ido kan ƙananan matakai daban-daban.Wannan kuma sau da yawa shine kawai hanya don gano ƙananan bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin wanda da kansu ba sa ƙara yawan amfani da makamashi isa don kunna ƙararrawar amfani da makamashi (ta matsakaicin matakan ko bin hanyoyin).Misali ɗaya shine matsaloli tare da injin fan, wanda baya nunawa akan jimlar makamashin lantarki da ake amfani da shi don aikin gini.

Wannan baya nufin cewa kowane tsarin samun iska ya kamata a kula da BMS.Ga duka amma mafi ƙanƙanta da mafi sauƙi tsarin BMS yakamata a yi la'akari da su.Domin hadaddun tsarin iskar iska mai yawa da BMS mai yiwuwa ya zama dole.

Matsayin sophistication na BMS dole ne ya yarda da matakin ilimin ma'aikatan aiki.Hanya mafi kyau ita ce tattara cikakkun bayanai dalla-dalla na aikin BMS.

7.3.5 Zane don aiki da kiyayewa
Domin ba da damar aiki mai kyau da kulawa da dacewa aiki da umarnin kulawa dole ne a rubuta su.Don waɗannan umarnin su zama masu amfani dole ne a cika wasu sharuɗɗa yayin ƙirar tsarin iskar iska:

• Dole ne tsarin fasaha da kayan aikin su su kasance masu dacewa don kiyayewa, musayar da dai sauransu. Dole ne ɗakunan fan su kasance masu girma sosai kuma suna sanye da haske mai kyau.Abubuwan da aka haɗa (magoya, dampers da sauransu) na tsarin samun iska dole ne su kasance cikin sauƙi.
• Dole ne a yiwa tsarin alama da bayanai game da matsakaici a cikin bututu da ducts, shugabanci na kwarara da sauransu. • Dole ne a haɗa wurin gwaji don mahimman sigogi.

Ya kamata a shirya umarnin aiki da kulawa a lokacin ƙirar ƙira kuma a kammala lokacin aikin ginin.

Duba tattaunawa, ƙididdiga, da bayanan martaba na marubuci don wannan ɗaba'ar a: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313573886
Zuwa ga ingantattun ayyuka na tsarin iskar iska
Marubuta, gami da: Peter Wouters, Pierre Barles, Christophe Delmotte, Åke Blomsterberg
Wasu daga cikin marubutan wannan ɗaba'ar kuma suna aiki akan waɗannan ayyuka masu alaƙa:
Rashin iska na gine-gine
KYAUTA MAI WUYA: FCT PTDC/ENR/73657/2006