Kubwezeretsa kumbuyo kungayambitse chitonthozo ndi mavuto a IAQ
Anthu amathera nthawi yawo yambiri m'nyumba zogona (Klepeis et al. 2001), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya wamkati ukhale wodetsa nkhawa kwambiri.Zakhala zikudziwika bwino kuti kulemedwa kwa thanzi la mpweya wamkati ndikofunika (Edwards et al. 2001; de Oliveira et al.2004; Weisel et al. 2005).Miyezo yapano ya mpweya wabwino imayikidwa kuti iteteze thanzi ndikupereka chitonthozo kwa okhalamo, koma ambiri amadalira kwambiri kugamula kwa uinjiniya chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zifukwa zasayansi.Gawoli lifotokoza njira zamakono komanso zomwe zingatheke zoyezera kuchuluka kwa mpweya wofunikira kuti mpweya wabwino ukhalepo komanso kuwunikira mwachidule miyezo yofunikira yomwe ilipo.
ZOTSATIRA ZA ANTHU NDI CARBON DIOXIDE
Pettenkofer Zahl maziko a mpweya wabwino
Kutuluka thukuta kumawoneka ngati gwero lalikulu la fungo la m'thupi lomwe limawonetsa momwe mpweya wamkati ulili (Gids and Wouters, 2008).Kununkhira kumapangitsa kuti munthu asamve bwino, chifukwa mpweya wabwino nthawi zambiri umadziwika kuti palibe fungo.Nthaŵi zambiri anthu okhala m’chipindamo amazoloŵera kununkhiza komwe kungazindikiridwe bwino ndi munthu wolowa m’chipindamo.Chigamulo cha gulu loyendera (Fanger et al. 1988) lingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyesa kununkhira kwa fungo.
Mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide (CO2) siwoyendetsa kwambiri thanzi la mpweya wamkati m'nyumba.CO2 ndi chizindikiro cha bioeffluents ya anthu ndipo imatha kukhala yokhudzana ndi vuto la fungo.CO2 wakhala maziko pafupifupi zonse zofunika mpweya wabwino m'nyumba kuyambira ntchito ya Pettenkofer (1858).Iye anazindikira kuti ngakhale CO2 inali yopanda vuto m'mikhalidwe yabwinobwino ya m'nyumba komanso yosazindikirika ndi anthu, chinali choipitsa choyezeka chomwe milingo ya mpweya wabwino imatha kupangidwa mozungulira.Kuchokera mu kafukufukuyu, adaganiza zotchedwa "PettekoferZahl" ya 1000 ppm ngati mulingo wapamwamba kwambiri wa CO2 kuti aletse fungo lochokera kuzinthu zamunthu.Iye ankaganiza kuti ndende yakunja pafupifupi 500 ppm.Analangiza kuchepetsa kusiyana kwa CO2 pakati pa mkati ndi kunja kwa 500 ppm.Izi ndizofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi kwa munthu wamkulu pafupifupi 10 dm3/s pa munthu.Ndalamayi ikadali maziko a zofunikira za mpweya wabwino m'mayiko ambiri.Pambuyo pake Yaglou (1937), Bouwman (1983), Cain (1983) ndi Fanger (1988) adachita kafukufuku wopitilira pa njira yopumira mpweya yotengera CO2 ngati cholembera.
Table: Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito malire a CO2 m'malo (Gids 2011)
Kafukufuku waposachedwapa akusonyeza kuti CO2 yokha ikhoza kukhudza momwe anthu amachitira zinthu mozindikira (Satish et al. 2012).Ngati kachitidwe ka anthu kakhale kofunikira kwambiri m'zipinda monga makalasi, zipinda zophunzirira komanso nthawi zina, magawo a CO2 ayenera kudziwa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wabwino m'malo movutitsa komanso/kapena chitonthozo.Kuti tikhazikitse miyezo yochokera ku CO2 yogwira ntchito mwachidziwitso, mulingo wovomerezeka wowonekera uyenera kukhazikitsidwa.Kutengera kafukufukuyu, kusunga mulingo wozungulira 1000 ppm kumawoneka kuti kulibe vuto lililonse pakuchita bwino (Satish et al. 2012)
MAZIKO OTHANDIZA NTCHITO YOPHUNZITSIRA MPHAMVU
KUPULUKA KWA MPHAMVU KWA UTHANZI
Zowononga zimatulutsidwa mkati kapena kulowa m'malo omwe okhalamo ndiye amazikoka.Mpweya wabwino umapereka njira imodzi yochotsera zowononga kuti muchepetse kuwonekera mwina pochotsa zowononga pamalo, monga zophikira, kapena kusungunula mpweya m'nyumba kudzera m'nyumba yonse.Mpweya wabwino si njira yokhayo yochepetsera kuwonekera ndipo sikungakhale chida choyenera nthawi zambiri.
Kuti apange njira yoyendetsera mpweya wabwino kapena kuwononga chilengedwe potengera thanzi, payenera kukhala kumvetsetsa bwino za zowononga zomwe zikuyenera kuwongolera, magwero amkati ndi mphamvu zomwe zimawononga zowonongazo, komanso milingo yovomerezeka yowonekera m'nyumba.A European Collaborative Action inapanga njira yodziwira kufunikira kwa mpweya wabwino kuti mukwaniritse mpweya wabwino wamkati monga ntchito ya zoipitsa izi (Bienfait et al. 1992).
Zoipitsa zofunika kwambiri m'nyumba
Zowononga zomwe zimawoneka kuti zikuyambitsa ziwopsezo za thanzi zomwe zimayenderana ndi kukhudzana ndi mpweya wamkati ndi:
• Fine particles (PM2.5)
• Utsi wa fodya (SHS)
• Radoni
• Ozoni
• Formaldehyde
• Acrolein
• Zowononga nkhungu/chinyezi
Pakali pano palibe deta yokwanira yokhudzana ndi mphamvu zamagwero ndi zopereka zapadera kuti ziwonetsedwe m'nyumba kuti apange mulingo wa mpweya wabwino motengera thanzi.Pali kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa magwero kuchokera kunyumba kupita kunyumba ndipo mpweya wokwanira wa nyumba ungafunike kutengera magwero a m'nyumba ndi momwe amakhalira.Ili ndi gawo lopitilira kafukufuku.Miyezo yamtsogolo ya mpweya wabwino ingadalire zotsatira za thanzi kuti zikhazikitse mpweya wokwanira.
KUPULUKA KWA MPHAMVU KUTI MUtonthozedwe
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, fungo limatha kukhala ndi gawo lofunikira pakutonthoza komanso kukhala ndi moyo wabwino.Mbali ina ya chitonthozo ndi chitonthozo cha kutentha.Mpweya wodutsa mpweya ukhoza kukhudza kutonthoza kwa kutentha ponyamula utazirala,
mpweya wotentha, wonyowa kapena wouma.Kuthamanga kwa chipwirikiti ndi kuthamanga kwa mpweya wobwera chifukwa cha mpweya wabwino kumatha kukhudza momwe timatenthera bwino.Kulowetsa kwakukulu kapena kusintha kwa mpweya kungapangitse kusapeza (Liddament 1996).
Kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa mpweya wofunikira kuti mutonthozedwe ndi thanzi kumafuna njira zosiyanasiyana.Mpweya wabwino wa chitonthozo makamaka umachokera ku kuchepetsa fungo ndi kuwongolera kutentha / chinyezi, pamene pa thanzi njirayo imachokera ku kuchepetsa kuwonetseredwa.Lingaliro la maupangiri ogwirizana (CEC 1992) ndikuwerengera padera kuchuluka kwa mpweya wofunikira pa chitonthozo ndi thanzi.Mpweya wabwino kwambiri uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga.
MFUNDO ZOPHUNZITSIDWA ZONSE ZOMWE ALIPO
UNITED STATES VENTILATION MIYANGA: ASHRAE 62.2
Bungwe la American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineer's (ASHRAE's) Standard 62.2 ndi mulingo wovomerezeka kwambiri wapanyumba ku United States.ASHRAE inapanga Standard 62.2 "Kupuma mpweya wabwino ndi Ubwino Wovomerezeka wa M'nyumba M'nyumba Zokhala Pang'ono" kuti athetse vuto la mpweya wamkati (IAQ) (ASHRAE 2010).ASHRAE 62.2 tsopano ikufunika m'makhodi ena omanga, monga Mutu 24 waku California, ndipo imatengedwa ngati njira yoyendetsera ntchito zambiri zamapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi komanso mabungwe omwe amaphunzitsa ndi kutsimikizira makontrakitala ogwira ntchito zapakhomo.Muyezowu umanena za kuchuluka kwa mpweya wabwino wapanja, monga momwe zimakhalira pansi (malo opangira mpweya) komanso kuchuluka kwa zipinda zogona (zokhala ndi mpweya womwe umakhalapo) ndipo zimafunikira bafa ndi zophikira zotenthetsera mafani.Chiyembekezo cha muyezo nthawi zambiri chimawonedwa ngati kuchuluka kwa mpweya wonse.Kugogomezeraku kwachokera pa lingaliro lakuti zoopsa zomwe zimakhala m'nyumba zimayendetsedwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimaperekedwa mosalekeza, zomwe zimafalitsidwa, monga formaldehyde kuchokera ku zipangizo ndi bioeffluents (kuphatikizapo fungo) kuchokera kwa anthu.Mulingo wofunikira wa mpweya wabwino wa nyumba yonse udatengera malingaliro abwino a akatswiri pantchitoyo, koma sunakhazikike pakuwunika kulikonse kwa kuchuluka kwa zoipitsa za mankhwala kapena zovuta zina zokhudzana ndi thanzi.
MALANGIZO OTHANDIZA KU ULAYA
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mpweya wabwino m'maiko osiyanasiyana aku Europe.Dimitroulopoulou (2012) akupereka mwachidule miyezo yomwe ilipo mumtundu wa tebulo m'mayiko 14 (Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom) kufotokoza za maphunziro a zitsanzo ndi kuyeza kochitidwa m'dziko lililonse.Mayiko onse adatchula mitengo yamayendedwe anyumba yonse kapena zipinda zina zapanyumba.Kuyenda kwa mpweya kunkaperekedwa pazipinda zotsatirazi: pabalaza, chipinda chogona, khitchini, bafa, chimbudzi.
Maziko a mpweya wabwino amasiyana m'mayiko osiyanasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, pansi, kuchuluka kwa zipinda, mtundu wa zipinda, mtundu wa mayunitsi kapena kuphatikiza kwina kolowera.Brelih and Olli (2011) adaphatikiza miyezo ya mpweya wabwino m'maiko 16 ku Europe (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, United Kingdom).Anagwiritsa ntchito gulu la nyumba zokhazikika kuti afananize mitengo yosinthira ma air exchange (AERs) yowerengedwa kuchokera mumiyezo iyi.Anayerekezera mitengo ya mpweya yofunikira m'nyumba yonse ndi mpweya wabwino wa ntchito.Miyezo yofunikira ya mpweya wabwino mnyumba yonse idachokera ku 0.23-1.21 ACH yokhala ndi mitengo yapamwamba kwambiri ku Netherlands komanso yotsika kwambiri ku Bulgaria.
Miyezo yocheperako ya hood inachokera ku 5.6-41.7 dm3/s.
Kutsika kwapakati pazimbudzi kumachokera ku 4.2-15 dm3/s.
Miyezo yocheperako yochokera kuzipinda zosambira inali pakati pa 4.2-21.7 dm3/s.
Zikuoneka kuti pali mgwirizano pakati pa mfundo zambiri zoti mpweya wabwino wa nyumba yonse umafunika ndi mpweya wowonjezera wowonjezera m'zipinda zomwe zimatulutsa zowononga zowononga, monga khitchini ndi zimbudzi, kapena kumene anthu amathera nthawi yawo yambiri, monga monga zipinda zogona ndi zogona.
MFUNDO ZOCHITIKA
Ntchito yomanga nyumba yatsopano imamangidwa kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira za dziko lomwe nyumbayo imamangidwa.Zipangizo zolowera mpweya zimasankhidwa zomwe zimakwaniritsa madzi ofunikira.Mayendedwe amatha kukhudzidwa ndi zambiri kuposa chipangizo chomwe chasankhidwa.Kupsyinjika kwapambuyo kwa mpweya wolumikizidwa ndi fani yopatsidwa, kuyika kosayenera ndi zosefera zotsekeka kungayambitse kutsika kwa magwiridwe antchito.Pakali pano palibe kutumidwa kofunikira mu US kapena European standards.Kutumiza ndikofunikira ku Sweden kuyambira 1991. Kutumiza ndi njira yoyezera momwe nyumba ikuyendera kuti muwone ngati ikukwaniritsa zofunikira (Stratton and Wray 2013).Kutumiza kumafuna zowonjezera zowonjezera ndipo kungawonedwe kukhala kotsika mtengo.Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa ntchito, kuyenda kwenikweni sikungakwaniritse zomwe zalembedwa kapena zokonzedwa.Stratton et al (2012) anayeza kuchuluka kwa mafunde m'nyumba za 15 California, US ndipo adapeza kuti 1 yokha ndiyomwe idakumana ndi ASHRAE 62.2 Standard kwathunthu.Miyezo ku Ulaya konse yawonetsanso kuti nyumba zambiri zimalephera kukwaniritsa zofunikira (Dimitroulopoulou 2012) .Kutumiza kuyenera kuwonjezeredwa kuzomwe zilipo kale kuti zitsimikizire kuti nyumba zikuyenda bwino.
Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-15-2021